take a chair, take the chair
take a chair是"拿一把椅子"和"坐一会儿"的意思。例如：
He has just taken a chair into the room. 他刚才拿了一把椅子进了房间。
Won't you take a chair? 你请坐一会儿，好吗？
take the chair是一个习惯用语，表示"担任主席，主持会议"的意思当然，在一定场合，它也可以表示"拿（这）把椅子"的意思。例如：
We hope you will be so kind as to take the chair. 希望你会乐意主持这次会议。
Who took the chair at the conference? 那次会议谁担任主席？
Please take the chair out. 请把这把椅子搬出去。
take...as, take...for
这两个关联短语都是指"把...看作，把...当作"的意思，但含义有所不同。
take...as是一般地看待某人或某物，相当于regard...as。例如：
They take us as little kids who count for nothing. 他们把我们看作是无足轻重的孩子。
We mustn't take success and failure as a personal matter. 我们不应当把成败看作是个人的事。
take...for有把某物或者人错看成或错当成的含义。例如：
At first they took him for a foreigner. Several months later, they
came to know he is a true Chinese. 开始他们都把他当成外国人，几个月后，他们才知道他是一个真正的中国人。
Do you take me for a fool who believes that tale? 你是不是把我看成个傻瓜，以为我竟会相信那种谎言？
take note, take note of, take notes (of)
take note是动名型短语动词，可用作不及物或及物动词。作前者时，一般独立使用；作后者时，通常其后接不定式或that从句。其意义和作用相当于take
care,即表示"注意，留心"的意思。例如：
Take note, keep children away from the water's edge. 注意，勿让孩子在水边逗留。
Take note not to wake the baby. 留神，别把孩子吵醒了。
Please take note that this city is in the north, not in the south
of China. 请注意，这座城市是在华北，不是在华南。
take note of是动名介型短语动词，作及物动词用，其后须跟名词，代词等作宾语，其作用和意义相当于pay attention
to。例如：
Your remarks have been taken careful note of, and I hope we'll soon
reply to each of them in detail. 你的讲话已受到充分注意，我想不久以后逐一详细答复。
Nobody took any note of the old man's death. 没有谁注意到那老人死了。
take notes表示"记笔记"的意思，用作不及物动词；take notes of意为"把...记下来"，其后须跟所记下的内容，作宾语。例如：
He spoke so rapidly that it was difficult to take notes without
missing something of what he said. 他讲得太快，要把他的话毫无遗漏地记录下来是困难的。
Do you take notes of the lectures? 你听课记笔记吗？
Since there was no textbook for the course, his students had to
take detailed notes of everything the professor said. 由于这个课程没有课本，学生们只好详细记录教授的讲课内容。
take the place of, take place
take the place of是"代替"的意思。若所代替的对象是代词，则通常采用take one's place的形式。例如：
Electronic computers have taken the place of thousands of working
people. 电子计算机代替了千万个人的劳动。
Last night, our monitor didn't come and I was asked to take his
place. 昨晚我们班长未到，大家要我代替他。
take place表示"发生，举行"的意思，是不及物短语动词，不可用被动语态。它仅用于历史上的事件，集会等，而不用于地震等自然界的现象。它常可与happen换用。例如：
In 1919,the May 4th Movement took place in China. 1919年，中国爆发了五四运动。
Battle after battle took place in which the enemy suffered heavy
losses. 战斗一个接一个地进行，在这些战斗中敌人蒙受了重大损失.
tell...of, tell...about, tell...from
tell...of和tell...about中的动词tell后须接表示人的名词或代词，介词of和about后接谈到的情况或内容，这两个词组在一般情况下可以换用。但在表示提起某事时，倾向于tell...of,在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于用tell...about。例如：
She told us of / about the difficulties she had met with in her
work. 她给我们谈了谈她在工作中碰到的困难。
We must tell them of/ about our decision. 我们应当把我们的决定告诉他们。
He told us about the present situation. 他给我们谈了当前的形势。
tell...from表示对好坏，优劣，真假或两种事物加以 "区分"的意思。其中tell后的宾语与介词from后的宾语一般都是一对相反或相近的意义的词。例如：
Can you tell her from her twin sister? 你能分得出她和她的孪生姐妹吗？
But through practice one can tell the true from the false. 但通过实践我们可以区别真伪。
terrified of, terrified at
这两个词组中的terrified均为形容词化的过去分词，同连系动词be连用。
terrified of是"害怕"的意思，相当于afraid of, 其后可接名词，代词或动名词，表示原因。例如：
The child was terrified of being left alone in the house. 那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。
She was terrified of being killed in an air raid. 她很害怕在空袭中被炸死。
terrified at后除可接名词，代词或动名词,表示"因听到（看到）...而害怕"。常有terrified
at the thought of/ at the idea of/ at the prospect of, etc.等搭配,即表示"想到...而惊恐，想象...而惊恐，展望...而惊恐"等意思。例如：
She was terrified at the deafening explosion. 她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。
The old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy
road. 老妇人想到要穿过这样一条繁忙的马路便感到害怕。
title, topic, subject, theme
theme："主题，论题，题目"，指人们为了进行文学或艺术方面的论述而选取的主体，如诗的思想，主张，乐曲的主旋律或绘画的基调，它与subject,
topic的区别在于它有时暗示在立意，形式，效果等方面进行了比较，如an overworked theme（老生常谈的题目）指立意上与别的作品相比并无新意。
This is a one-man show of paintings whose theme was the vulgarity
of modern life. 这是一个以现代生活的庸俗为主题的个人画展。
The graduates wrote a number of essays whose theme was man's will-power.
研究生们写了以人类的意志力为主题的一系列论文。
title："标题，题目"，指书，绘画，剧作等创作作品的名称；还可讲作"头衔，称呼，权利"。短语：an
essay under the topic of 题为...的文章。例如：
It was the book's eye-catching title that helped me make up my mind
to buy it. 正是这醒目的书名才使我下决心买下这本书。
This is a picture that requires no title; I think everyone knows
what the author really wants to show. 这是一幅无需任何标题的图画，我相信人人知道作者想展示什么。
#topic："话题，题目，主题，论题"，指人们普遍感兴趣或对之持有不同观点，因而可供讨论的题目，也指为了对之进行独特而有创意的论述而选择的话题，可指整篇作品的主旨，也可指某个章节，段落乃至单句包含的要点。
The topic of your article is very good, but your spelling and style
must be improved. 你文章的题目很好，但拼写及风格必须改进。
I cannot remember in a very long conversation what topic has been
touched upon and what has not. 我不记得在拖得很长的谈话中什么话题涉及到了，什么没有涉及。
subject："题目，主题"，在这组词中词义最广，最不确切，泛指在某一范围内的主题，以及取舍并处理某种材料的指导原则，涉及面广，概括性强，一般包括若干topic。例如：
When someone rang at the door, he was doing research on the subject
matter which would be under discussion in his next day's philosophy
class. 有人按门铃的时候，他还在为第二天哲学课所讨论的主题寻找资料。
He chose "A Reform in Teaching Methods" as the subject
of his lecture. 他选择"教学方法的改革"作为讲话的题目。
though, although
这两个词都有"虽然"之意，均不能与but连用，但可加yet, still等词以加强语气。
although："尽管，虽然"，只作连词，较正式，一般情况下可以用though替代。
He passed the exam although he had been prevented by illness from
some classes. 虽然他曾因病耽误了学习，但他考试还是及格了。
Although he was seriously wounded, he still held out on the battle-field.
他虽然身负重伤，但坚持不下火线。
though："虽然，尽管，即使"，还可以与even连用，even though即使，纵然。作副词时，一般不能置于句首，译作："然而，不过"，相当于nevertheless。
I can see that New York must seem dull to her though the family
won't admit it. 我看得出来纽约对她来说一定很单调乏味，虽然家里人不愿承认这一点。
She won't leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for
his supper. 即使丈夫等着吃饭，她也不愿离开电视机。
thoughtful, considerate
这组词均有"周到的"之意。
considerate："周到的，体贴的"，指对他人的感情或处境周到，能设法减轻他人的悲伤或分担他人的苦恼。常用句型：It's
considerate of sb. to do;常用词组：be considerate towards / about sb.对...体贴的。
It was very considerate of you not to play the piano while your
mother had a bad headache. 你在母亲头痛得很厉害时不弹钢琴，真是考虑得非常周到。
He was too courteous and considerate to make stubborn subordinates
bend to his will. 他对人很客气，体贴，不迫使固执的属下服从他的意愿。
thoughtful："体贴的，关怀他人的"，指无私地关心他人，为他人的安逸，舒适着想，能推测了解到别人的愿望或需用。常用句型:It's
thoughtful of sb. to do;常用词组:be thoughtful about/ for 对...（考虑）周到的。
It was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements
for us. 你们考虑得很周到，为我们做好了一切必要的安排。
It was very thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival. 你来之前先通知我，真是考虑周到。
thanks for, thanks to
这两个短语中的thanks是名词，实际上可看作I'd like to express my thanks for/ to...的省略形式。由于它们常用在口语中，尤以简洁为宜。
thanks for中的介词for表示原因。其后须接名词或动名词，表示"感谢"的缘由。例如：
A thousand thanks for your kindness. 非常感谢你的善意。
Well, I must be going now. Thanks for your time. 我得走了。谢谢你为我花费了时间。
thanks to中的to为介词。它有两种意义和用法：一是表示"谢谢"的意义，其介词to后须接表示人的名称或代词，即"谢谢"的对象；二是作短语介词用，表示原因，其后须接名词，代词或动名词，常译为"由于，因为"或"多亏"的意思。例如：
You helped me a lot. Many thanks to you. 你给予了我许多帮助，非常感谢你。
It was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game. 正是由于你的愚笨害得我们输了这场比赛。
Thanks to a good teacher, she passed the exam. 多亏有位好老师，她才通过了考试。
the reason why, the reason that
这两个短语中的why和that分别引导的都是同位语从句，它们均表示"...的理由（或原因）"的意思，两者可以通用。例如：
The reason why/that it should be so is now clear. 应当如此的理由现在清楚了。
The reason why/that idealism and metaphysics are held to be obstacles
to truth is that they discourage scientific inquiry into truth.
唯心论和形而上学之所以被认为是真理的障碍是因为它们阻碍对真理的科学的探讨。
值得注意的是the reason why/that后接表语从句时，多数语法学者认为应该用that引导，有的语法学者则认为用because引导也是可以的。以下是摘录的原文例句：
The reason why I am dealing with so many pictures tonight is because
I happen to have seen them all just recently. 我今晚之所以谈这么多的影片是因为我恰好最近都看过。
The reason why he's late is that/because there was a breakdown on
the railway. 他之所以迟到是因为火车出了故障。
three weeks ago, three weeks before
这两个词组均属于"一段时间＋副词"结构。类似的说法还有five years ago, five years
before; two days ago, two days before等。
"一段时间＋ago"是以现在为准，表示"自今...前"的意思，它常与一般过去时的动词连用。若状语是"since＋一段时间＋ago"结构，或者谓语有情态动词，动名词或虚拟语气等，其句子有时可用完成时态。例如：
Several million years ago， our country was covered by thick forests.
几百万年前，我们的大地被茂密的森林覆盖着。
He has been there since two weeks ago. 两周以来，他一直在那儿。
He must have seen the film two days ago. 他两天前一定看过这部影片。
I remember meeting you somewhere two years ago. 我记得两年前在哪里见到过你。
I had thought that he had died at least twenty years ago. 我原以为他二十年前就去世了。
"一段时间＋before"是以过去某时候为准，表示"那时的...前"的意思。常用于过去完成时。例如：
Mr. Li went abroad in 1978. I had met him two years before. 李先生1978年出国的，在那两年前我见过他。
When I visited her, she told me that she had graduated from the
college three years before. 当我去拜访她时，她告诉我她是三年前从那所大学毕业的。
till, until
till和until都可以用作连词和介词，用于肯定句和否定句。用于肯定句时，只与持续性动词连用，表示"到...为止"。用于否定句时，通常与瞬间动词连用，也可与持续性动词连用，表示"直到...才"的意思。这两个词一般情况下可以相互换用。例如：
We waited for him until/till six o'clock. 我们等他到一直等到六点钟。
The pupils will not begin the meeting till/until their class supervisor
comes. 学生们等到班主任一到就开始开会。
They didn't talk until/till the interpreter came. 直到译员到，他们才交谈。
He did not go to bed until/till he had made sure that nothing was
wrong with the pipes. 他检查水管，确准它们没有毛病，才去睡觉。
当until用于句首时，一般不能用till代替。在以not开始的从句或短语里，till一般也不可代替until，而且这种句式要用倒装语序。例如：
Until the last minute of the match we kept playing. 直到比赛的最后一分钟，我们仍然坚持奋战。
Not until he had finished his work did he go home. 他直到把工作做完，才回家去。
tiresome, tiring, tired
这三个形容词均可用作定语，表语或补语。
tiresome和tiring都表示"令人讨厌的，令人疲乏的"的主动含义，其行为主体或所修饰的词多为事物，有时也可以是人。两者一般可以换用。例如：
The job is tiresome (or: tiring). 这工作真累人。
That is a tiresome (or: tiring) talk. 那是一次令人厌倦的谈话。
He is a tiresome (or: tiring) fellow. 他是个令人讨厌的家伙。
tired的意思是"疲倦的，劳累的"，其主语或者所修饰的词通常是人。它还有"厌倦"的意思，其后常接介词短语。例如：
He has worked the whole day, so he feels very tired. 他工作了一整天，感到非常劳累。
The tired man has gone to rest. 那个疲惫不堪的人休息去了。
Such a long lecture would make the audience tired. 这么冗长的讲话会使听众感到疲乏。
to date, up to date, up-to-date
to date是介词短语用作副词，在句中作状语，通常用于句首，意为"到目前为止，到现在为止"。up to date也有这一意义和用法，这时，两者可以通用。例如：
To date (or: Up to date) twenty students have been accepted into
the school. 到目前为止已有二十名学生被接受入学。
Up to date (or: To date) we have no news of him. 到现在为止我们还不知道他的消息。
up to date起形容词的作用，一般在句中作表语或补语，定语通常用up-to-date。它们均表示"最新的，现代化的，最近的，符合最新发展的"的意思。例如：
That car is a beauty and quite up to date. 那辆小汽车式样美观，新颖。
He is always right up to date in his information about this subject.
在这个学科上，他一向掌握最新的情报。
The yearly supplement keep the dictionary up to date. 逐年的增补使这部词典的内容能随时跟上形势的发展。
What he has used is a up-to-date method of language teaching. 他使用的是一种最新的语言教学法。
to one's mind, on one's mind
这两个短语中的one's根据主语的不同可有单复数变化形式，如my, your, his, our, their等，但其中的mind却只能用单数形式。
to one's mind是介词短语，有两种用法和意义：1.起副词的作用，在句子中作状语，表�"照某人的看法，据某人的意见"的意思；2.起形容词的作用，一般在句中作补语或表语，表示"合某人的心意，为某人所喜欢"的意思。例如：
More people agree with him but to my mind he's quite young. 大多数人都赞同他，但依我看来，他太年轻了。
So now, the house, to his mind, had a most pleasing and comfortable
appearance. 因此，这座房子，在他看来，有着一种使人愉快和舒适的外观。
He found life in the countryside very much to his mind. 他发现乡村生活很合自己的口味。
The event is just to their mind. 这事正和他们的心意。
on one's mind亦可解作upon one's mind， 其本义为"在心上"，用作位置状语，常同动词have,
get连用；亦可用作连系动词be的表语。它往往被引申为"惦记，操心，焦虑"的意思。例如：
He looks as if he has something on his mind. 他仿佛有什么心事似的。
Something was obviously on his mind, but he was reluctant to say
what it was. 他显然是在担心什么事，但他却不愿说。
to safety, in safety, for safety, with safety
这几个由介词加名词safety构成的介词短语，因使用的介词不同，其含义和用法也就有区别。
to safety相当于to a safe place，表示"到达安全地带或地方"，常同动态意味很强的动词，如move,
transport等连用。例如：
They have moved to safety. 他们已经转移到安全的地方。
The valuables have been transported to safety. 那些贵重物品已经运到安全地带。
in safety主要表示某人或某种事物"处于安全的状态或地位"，常用作连系动词be的表语。例如：
We are now in safety. 我们现在安全了。
Don't worry, they are in safety. 别着急，他们很安全。
for safety是指"为了安全，为了确保安全，为了安全起见"的意思。例如：
While the family were away from home they placed all their valuables
in the bank, for safety. 当全家人外出时，他们为了安全起见，把所有贵重物品都存入银行。
He placed all his money in the safe for safety. 为了确保安全，他把所有钱都放进了保险柜。
with safety属表示-ly副词意义的介词短语，意为"安全地，不冒任何风险地"，相当于safely。in
safety也有这一含义，这时两者可以通用，只是with safety更常见。例如：
They crossed the road with (or: in) safety. 他们安全地穿过了马路。
Cut off by the rising waters, the two boys climbed on to a ledge
of rock, where they remained with (or: in) safety until they were
rescued. 两个孩子被不断上涨的洪水截断了归路，他们爬上岩壁，安全地在上面呆到被营救出来为止。
注：with safety有时还可以表示"无误地"的意思。例如：
I think we can reckon with safety on at least ten people supporting
us. 我想我们能准确无误地指望至少有十个人支持我们。
together, altogether
这两个均用作副词，在句中作状语。
together主要表示三种意思：1.一起(in company) 2.同时(at the same time) 3.一致地，统一地。其前可加all以加强语气，即all
together。例如：
The family together earned one hundred dollars a week. 一家人合在一起每星期挣一百美元。
Let's work together. 让我们大家一起工作。
The bells rang out together. 钟声齐鸣。
The arguments does not hang together well. 这论点前后不尽一致。
altogether也有三个意思：1.完全地，全部地( entirely, wholly )；2.总而言之，总之 (on the
whole)；3.总共。它常同数词连用，all together也有这个意思，此时两者可以互换。例如：
He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。
It was raining, but altogether it was a good trip. 尽管下着雨，但总的来说还是一次愉快的旅行。
There are five apples on the plate altogether. 盘子里总共有五只苹果。
too much, much too
too much可分别用作形容词（后接不可数名词），代词或副词。它主要有三个意思：1.太多的，过分的。2.极好的，激动人心的。3.（估价）太高的。例如：
Don't give him too much praise. 不要给他太多的赞扬。
Too much is as bad as too little. 过犹不及。
We cannot admire his courage too much. 我们怎样赞美他的勇气也不过火。
Don't think too much of yourself. 不要自以为了不起。
much too表示"（实在）太"的意思，常用作副词，修饰形容词或副词。例如：
The coat is much too large for me. 这件上衣我穿实在太大。
He studies English much too hard. 他学习英语实在太刻苦了。
注意：下面一句中由于在much too和名词之间有一个表示数量意义的little，所以这句话也是正确的。例如：
I am afraid that you have given much too little care to your work.
我很担心你工作太不细心了。
tremble with, tremble at, tremble for
tremble with是"因……而发抖"的意思，其后通常接anger, cold, hunger, fear,
excitement等名词，表示原因。例如：
He is trembling with cold. 他冻得发抖。
His voice trembled with excitement. 他兴奋得声音发颤。
tremble at表示"因（听到，看到）……而害怕（发抖）"的意思，因此常以tremble at the
thought of (at the idea of, at the sight of, etc.)的形式出现。例如：
She trembled at the idea of having to go through that ordeal again.
她一想到再受那种折磨就害怕。
He trembled at the sound of bursting bombs. 他听到炸弹爆炸的声音吓得发抖。
tremble for表示"为...而担忧"的意思，接近于be worried about，其后可接安全，生命等名词外，还可接表示人的名词。例如：
His parents tremble for his safety. 他父母为他的安全担忧。
I told him I trembled for the children not being back. 我告诉他，孩子们没回来，我很着急。
troubled, troublesome
这是一对由trouble派生的形容词，但两词的含义有所不同。
troubled主要指人的神色，表情或说话声等"不安的，忧虑的（worried)"的意思。它还指"混乱的，动乱的"形势，状态等。例如：
His troubled look frightened me. 他那种忧虑的神情使我大吃一惊。
He looks troubled. 他看上去神色不安。
The present situation is in troubled waters. 当前形势正处于混乱的状态之中。
troublesome是"令人烦恼的，令人讨厌的（causing trouble or anxiety)"的意思。它还可表示"困难的，麻烦的(difficult)"等含义。例如：
The cough is quite troublesome. 这咳嗽真讨厌。
He is a troublesome child. 他是一个恼人的孩子。
The troublesome problem will soon be solved. 这道难题很快就会解决的。
注意：形容词后缀-some的含义是"有……倾向的"，它加在某些动词或名词后面，使该词变为具有主动意义的形容词，如：bothersome，tiresome,
meddlesome等。
tune in, in tune
这是一对同素反序词语，其意义和用法则完全不同。
tune in是动副型短语动词，一般起不及物动词的作用，表示"调谐（收音机或电视机等）"的意思，一般译作"收听，收看"。若要言明收听或收看的内容，则往往在tune
in后加介词to或on，即tune in to (or: on),后接收听或收看的内容。此外，它还有"使协调，使和谐"的意思，这时一般用其被动形式，即be
tuned in。例如：
We usually tune in to the news. 我们一般收听新闻节目。
Let's tune in to (or: on) Radio Beijing. 让我们收听北京广播电台。
They are tuning in (to) the public channel. 他们在收看公众频道。
He's not very well tuned in to his surround. 他和周围的环境有些格格不入。
The lecturer could see from the expressions on the faces of his
audience which students were really tuned in to what he was saying.
演讲者从听众的面部表情上可以看出哪些学生对他所讲的内容是真正产生共鸣的。
in tune是介词短语，其中tune是名词。它的本义�"音调准确，合调"，常转义为"一致，协调，和睦，融合"，与介词with短语连用，即in
tune with, 表示"与……一致"的意思。此短语一般同连系动词be连用作表语。例如：
Our grand piano is in tune. 我们的大钢琴声音很准。
The piano and the violin are quite in tune. 钢琴和小提琴很合调。
Bessie's mind was not quite in tune with the profundities of that
learned journal. 蓓西的头脑理解不了这本深奥的学术性杂志。
Our policies are in tune with the needs and the aspirations of the
people. 我们的政策和人民的需要与愿望是一致的。
turn down, turn off
turn down表示"拒绝"，后接表示人及请求，提议等一类的名词；它令可表示"减弱"，用于调低，开小收音机，煤气等场合。
tune off表示"解雇，辞退"，后接表示人的名词；它令可表示"关掉"，用于关上收音机，煤气，自来水等场合。
试比较：
I didn't get the job. The company turned me down because I did not
know English. 由于我不懂英语，所以这家公司没有录用我。
The boss thought him a trouble-maker and turned him off. 老板认为他是一个惹麻烦的人而把他辞退了。
Turn the gas down! The meat is nearly done. 把煤气开小些！肉几乎已熟了。
Don't turn the radio off. I'd like to hear the evening news. 别把收音机关掉。我想听晚间新闻。
turn in, turn out
这两个动词短语的意义完全不同，且毫无关系。
turn in可作"交上，上缴"解，其中的in为副词。它另可作"拐入"解，此时 in为副词或介词。如：
Don't forget to turn your copy-books in. 别忘了交上你们的抄写本。
The soldier should turn in his equipment on leaving the army. 士兵在离开军队时须交还装备。
The driver had difficulty turning in such a narrow street. 司机好不容易把车拐进这样窄的街道。
turn out的意义是"生产，赶出去，证明是"，其中的out为副词。如：
The factory turned out 2,000 motorbikes a month. 工厂每月生产2000辆摩托车。
I'll have you turned out if you make any more trouble here. 如果你们再在这里捣蛋，我就把你们赶出去。
The boy turned out successful after all. 毕竟那孩子最终变得很有出息。
technique, technology
technique为"技术，技巧"，指做某事的具体技术或方法，也可指艺术家和运动员的表演。
technology为"技术，工艺"，统指工业技术和生产工艺，不指具体的做某一件技术及方法。
以下句子中的technique和technology均不能互换：
Doctor Bernard has got marvelous technique.
This musician has perfect technique but little expression.
We must develop science and technology.
The scientists call the age we live in the age of technology.
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